Sunday, January 11, 2015

The Best Films of the Decade So Far (2010-2014)

Culled from nearly 300 responses via Twitter and Facebook: the best films of the 2010s.

By Kevin B. Lee January 8, 2015
‘Nostalgia for the Light’
Update (1/8): I wrote some further reflections on the poll results over on Slate.
Passing time on Twitter over the holidays, I asked an offhand question: now that we are midway through the 2010s, what are the best films of the decade so far? The response to this question was well beyond what I anticipated: nearly 300 people tweeted their choices, or posted them on Facebook. Holiday downtime be damned, I couldn’t help but compile the results to see which films would come out on top. I also made the following video, which counts down the top twenty-six films. Finding ways to connect them in one sequence led to some interesting tie-ins and overlaps; hope you enjoy watching it as much as I did putting it together:
Before we get to the full results, permit me to share my own top ten:
Certified Copy (2010, Abbas Kiarostami)
Frankly I’m stunned that this film placed so highly in the poll. In an online cinephile age that’s practically drowning in purple prose (and video) poems to the visual stylings of Malick, Scorsese and Anderson (both of them), here is a film whose beauty can’t be distilled into an eye candy compilation for easy consumption. Want proof? Look at thetrailer, which must rank as one of the most misguided and misleading attempts to package a masterpiece. Kiarostami doesn’t rely on elaborate flashbacks or fancy camerawork to dress up his romantic playacting mystery tour between two would be/could’ve been lovers. He simply relies on everyday surfaces—words, gestures, moments—and digs at them from within, leaving us with a bewildering look at how human relationships create their own virtual reality without even relying on technology. The film has a staggering effect that’s hard to distill into words, much less a viral video, but apparently quite a few have felt its force. It’s a kind of cinema that transcends convenience.
CONSUMING SPIRITS
‘Consuming Spirits’
Consuming Spirits (2012, Chris Sullivan)
Another delightful poll result was the turnout for Don Hertzfeldt’s DIY animated feature It’s Such a Beautiful Daya film that had next to no theatrical life, but has gained a cult following on VOD, and ranked second in the poll only to Hayao Miyazaki‘s The Wind Risesamong animated films. As great as that film is, I’m still haunted by Sullivan’s handmade vision of Appalachia, which applies an eclectic array of animation techniques to portray a wholly original gothic universe. It plays like a moonlit trek through an overgrown thicket of crudely exquisite images, flowery linguistic turns and stunning personal traumas, lovely, dark and deep.
Goodbye to Language (2014, Jean-Luc Godard)
Covered previously here, this is your reigning National Society of Film Critics champion, Oscar-mongering be damned.
Horse Money (2014, Pedro Costa)
Due for release later this year, Costa’s follow up to his celebrated Fontainhas trilogy bears many years of toil and bitterness. The Fontainhas slums that he lovingly filmed no longer exist, and so this film makes its way through a world of shadows and ruin, rooted mostly in memory. Costa’s lead Ventura returns, visibly broken and functioning as both the conjurer and the victim of a host of traumas and ghostly figures who pass the screen. They are rendered in Costa’s trademark use of standard definition digital video, creating dark and sensuous textures, renouncing HD hyperclarity for a more subtle, contemplative beauty rooted in reflection upon a lifetime of national and personal pain.
Neighboring Sounds (2012, Kleber Mendonça Filho)
and
Nostalgia for the Light (2010, Patricio Guzmán)
I’ve long expected Asia to take on increasing prominence in world cinema as this century continues, but these days I am more intrigued by films emerging from South America, which consistently find their way in my end-of-year lists. Encountering Filho’s debut feature at the 2012 Rotterdam Film Festival was revelatory, with the film richly working the dimensions of sound as well as image to explore the spaces of a sprawling apartment complex in Brazil. Its dense multi-character narrative gradually unspools to uncover a historical trauma to devastating effect. In contrast to the newcomer Filho, Guzman has been making films for over five decades, and Nostalgia for the Light plays like a career summation, encompassing both his childhood dreams of astrology and his adult tribulations as a political activist and prisoner in Chile. The connections he draws between these two selves are unexpected and heartbreaking, as they speak for the hopes and tragedies of an entire nation.
NEIGHBORING SOUNDS
‘Neighboring Sounds’
The Silver Linings Playbook (2012, David O. Russell)
I’ve made video essays on all three films Russell directed this decade, something I can’t say I’ve done for any other filmmaker. This would suggest that he is my American auteur of choice, though it wasn’t something I actively sought. I found The Fighter to be grating and hokey, but in The Silver Linings Playbook Russell’s cartoonish mania becomes revelatory. Centered on a borderline likable performer playing a borderline personality, there’s an unease in the middle of this film that ripples out into the entire social landscape it depicts: practically everyone in the film is self-medicating, either riding out the storm inside themselves or waiting for the next one to hit. But throughout this moody film’s peaks and valleys there is a constant surge forward, a search for vindication, a belief that everyone and everything will ultimately lock into place. And of course that happens, this being a Hollywood movie, but there’s joy in marveling at the verve and aplomb with which Russell & Co. deliver the goods. It also pulls off an actorly trifecta: establishing Bradley Cooper as a legitimate talent possessing genuine comedic/dramatic pathos; breathing new life into Robert DeNiro’s carcass; and giving Jennifer Lawrence carte blanche to push her strangely beguiling combo of sagacity and nuttiness to both extremes.
Stories We Tell (2012, Sarah Polley)
and
Tape (2010, Li Ning)
As personal media-making becomes more ubiquitous, the personal documentary must ask more critical questions about just how to apply all this unprecedented capacity to capture one’s life. Polley’s deep dive into her family’s closet of skeletons works towards a big reveal that would satisfy an above-average TV expose; but with each successive viewing it reveals more of its captivating layers and self-conscious contentions over filmmaking as a tool for fact-finding and interpersonal mediation. These objectives similarly drove China’s DIY documentary scene ever since video cameras became readily accessible there over a decade ago, leading to some of the most groundbreaking recent work in nonfiction cinema. The indie doc scene has lately been stifled under increased pressure from the government, which prompts me to mark Li Ning’s documentary Tape as a high-water mark for personal documentary taken to its limits in China. Li filmed himself obsessively over five years, letting his camera mediate his personal and professional life while also exposing not a few of his weaknesses, pushing the boundary between self-critical honesty and narcissism. Swinging from exultant interludes of guerrilla street performance art to the mundane pressures of life as a husband, father and teacher, this film is an irrepressible landmark of personal cinema.
THIS IS NOT A FILM
‘This Is Not a Film’
This Is Not a Film (2012, Jafar Panahi)
When numerous critics, including me, placed this film at the top of their top ten lists in 2012, Jonathan Rosenbaum, one of the most ardent longstanding supporters of Panahi’s films, complained that people were jumping on a political bandwagon after paying little attention to Panahi’s earlier films. Rosenbaum considers those works to be cinematically superior to This Is Not a Film, Panahi’s desperate attempt to continue his filmmaking practice while under house arrest in Iran by using mini digital camcorders and an iPhone. I’ve watched and admired Panahi’s films for over a decade as exemplary works of arthouse festival cinema, but there was something radically thrilling about watching an auteur attempting to create cinema out of practically nothing, using devices commonly employed by the rest of us. Whether it can be considered a failed exercise in self-consolation or a brilliantly realized artistic self-evaluation, This Is Not a Film has the honesty to confront the prospects of cinema in a world without cinema, which in many respects may be a world towards which we may be lurching, unknowingly yet inexorably. A world where movies exist everywhere and nowhere at once, and where their infinite accessibility, replicability and malleability may lead to their dilution… and reconstitution into who knows what else next.
Ten more films that could easily have earned a paragraph: The Day He Arrives; Drug War; Holy Motors; Let the Bullets Fly; Leviathan; Margaret; Meek’s CutoffThe Strange Little CatUncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Livesand Upstream Color
And here is the full list of all 491 films that received a vote, sorted by the number of votes each received. Special thanks to all who took part in the poll.
Uncle Boonmee
‘Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives’
1. The Tree of Life (103 votes)
2. Certified Copy (91 votes)
3. The Master (76 votes)
4. Margaret (68 votes)
5. Holy Motors (66 votes)
6. A Separation (64 votes)
7. Under the Skin (61 votes)
8Inside Llewyn Davis (59 votes)
9. Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (45 votes)
10. Boyhood (44 votes)
11. Goodbye to Language (41 votes)
12. The Social Network (40 votes)
13. Moonrise Kingdom (36 votes)
14. Her (33 votes)
(tie) Leviathan (2012)
16. Mysteries of Lisbon (32 votes)
17. The Act of Killing (28 votes)
(tie) The Turin Horse
19Before Midnight (27 votes)
(tie) Melancholia
(tie) Once Upon a Time in Anatolia
22. Frances Ha (25 votes)
(tie) The Wolf of Wall Street
24. The Immigrant (24 votes)
(tie) Spring Breakers
Tabu
27. (23 votes)
Amour
House of Pleasures/Tolerance
29. (21 votes)
Grand Budapest Hotel
Like Someone in Love
This Is Not a Film
32. (20 votes)
Upstream Color
33. (19 votes)
Stray Dogs
LEVIATHAN
‘Leviathan’
34. (18 votes)
Drive
Oslo August 31
36. (16 votes)
Computer Chess
Cosmopolis

Scott Pilgrim vs The World
44. (14 votes)
Hugo
Poetry
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
The Wind Rises
Zero Dark Thirty
POETRY
‘Poetry’
49. (13 votes)
Carlos
Horse Money
It’s Such a Beautiful Day
Stories We Tell
53. (12 votes)
Hard to Be a God
Inception
To the Wonder
56. (11 votes)
Blue Is the Warmest Color
Drug War
Nostalgia for the Light
59. (10 votes)
Black Swan
Listen Up Philip
Neighboring Sounds
Shutter Island
Toy Story 3
THE DEEP BLUE SEA
‘The Deep Blue Sea’
64. (9 votes)
Bastards
The Deep Blue Sea 
Django Unchained
Ida
Weekend
69. (8 votes)
Gravity
The Great Beauty
Inherent Vice
Loneliest Planet
Martha Marcy May Marlene
Museum Hours
Skin I Live In
The Strange Case of Angelica
Take Shelter
Two Days One Night
79. (7 votes)
The Autobiography of Nicolae Caucescu
Citizenfour
The Grandmaster
The Kid with a Bike
Manakamana
The Only Lovers Left Alive
Stranger By the Lake
Winter’s Bone
MUSEUM HOURS
‘Museum Hours’
87. (6 votes)
Actress
Bernie
Hereafter
Journey to the West
Laurence Anyways
Nebraska
Romancing in Thin Air
Somewhere
The Strange Little Cat
Tale of Princess Kaguya
We Need To Talk about Kevin
98. (5 votes)
Another Year
The Arbor
Blue Valentine
Closed Curtain
Cloud Atlas
The Duke of Burgundy
In the Family
Jauja
Looper
Norte, The End of History
Of Gods and Men
Oki’s Movie
Post Tenebras Lux
The Silver Linings Playbook
A Touch of Sin
MANAKAMANA
‘Manakamana’
113. (4 votes)
Extravagant Shadows
Almayer’s Folly
Attack the Block
Beasts of the Southern Wild
Beginners
Cabin in the Woods
The Color Wheel
Elena
Exit Through the Giftshop
Future, The
Girl Walk//All Day
The Hunt
Incendies
Le Quattro Volte
Life of Pi
Life without Principle
Lincoln
Molussia
My Joy
Night Across the Street
Nymphomaniac
Perks of Being a Wallflower
A Prophet
Shame
This Is Martin Bonner
Top of the Lake
True Grit
Viola
141. (3 votes)
Archipelago
Barbara
Beyond the Hills
Blind Detective
Cave of Forgotten Dreams
The Comedy
A Dangerous Method
Dark Knight Rises
Detention
Dusty Stacks of Mom
Faust
A Field in England
Ghost Writer
Girl with a Dragon Tattoo
Gone Girl
Greenberg
In Another Country
Jealousy
Leones
Low Life
Magic Mike
Maidan
Mommy
A Month in Thailand
Ne Me Quitte Pas
Never Let Me Go
Nightcrawler
No
Phoenix
Pompeii
Senna
Snowpiercer
Stoker
Til Madness Do Us Part
Whiplash
Whores’ Glory
Wolf Children
The World’s End
WHORES' GLORY
‘Whores’ Glory’
179. (2 votes)
American Hustle
And Everything Is Going Fine
Animal Kingdom
The Artist
At Berkeley
Bestiaire
Broken Circle Breakdown
Child’s Pose
City of Life and Death
Cold Weather
Consuming Spirits
Contagion
The Counselor
Dialogue of Shadows
The Fighter
Force Majeure
Four Lions
Get Out of the Car
Ha Ha Ha
Heli
Himizu
I Am Love
I’m Still Here
The Illusionist
The Imposter
Interrupters
Interstellar
J. Edgar
Kill List
Killer Joe
Last of the Unjust
The Last Time I Saw Macao
Le Havre
Li’l Quinquin
Like Father Like Son
Lords of Salem
Midnight in Paris
Mildred Pierce
Moneyball
Nobody’s Daughter Haewon
Only God Forgives
Only the Young
An Oversimplification of Her Beauty
Passion
Petitfogger
Road to Nowhere
Rust and Bone
Seeking the Monkey King
Short Term 12
Skyfall
Sleeping Beauty (Leigh)
Sleepless Nights
Small Roads
Something in the Air
Stemple Pass
The Story of Film
Sun Don’t Shine
A Thousand Suns
Tomboy
Tuesday, After Christmas
Twixt
Two Years at Sea
Ultima Pelicula
Uncle Kent
The Unspeakable Act
Welcome to New York
What Now Remind Me
Wild
Winter Sleep
ALPS
‘Alps’
248. (1 vote)
13 Assassins
Aita
All Is Lost
All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace
Alms for a Blind Horse
Alps
Amateur
The American
The Americans
Amour fou
Anna Karenina
Argentinian Lesson
Ars Colonia
Attenberg
August and After
Babadook
The Ballad of Genesis and Lady Jaye
Bellflower
Beloved
Berberian Sound Studio
Biancanieves
Big Charity
Birdman
Biutiful
The Black Balloon
Bleak Night
Bnsf
Buenas noches, Espana
Buzzard
Byzantium
Calvary
Can
case no. 323: Once Upon a Time In the West
Caterpillar
Catfish
Celestial Wives
Century of Brithing
Chicken with Plums
Christening
The Clock
The Conjuring
Crazy Horse
Damsels in Distress
Deaf Jam
Dirty Wars
Doggie Woggiez Poochie Woochiez
Don’t Go Breaking My Heart
Dormant Beauty
Double Tide
Dragon Is In the Frame
Dreileben: Beats Being Dead
Easy A
Enemy
Entrance
Escape From Tomorrow
Even the Rain
Family Instinct
Family Nightmare/ Person to Person
Fast Five
Fill the Void
Film for Invisible Ink
Final Cut: Ladies & Gentleman
Fish Talk
Friends with Benefits
From Gulf to Gulf to Gulf
Fruitvale Station
Furious Six
Gangs of Wasseypur
The Gatekeepers
Gebo and the Shadow
Generation
Gimme the Loot
Gold
Goodbye First Love
Gravity Was Everywhere Back Then
The Great Cinema Party
The Grey
Grisgris
Hail
Hanna
Hannah Arendt
Harmony Lessons
Heartbeats
Heaven Knows What
Heaven’s Story
The Help
House with a Turret
How to Survive a Plague
I Killed My Mother
Impolex
In Stone House
In the Shadows
Innocent Saturday
Inside Eternity
The Invisible World
The Iron Ministry
It Follows
Jackass 3-D
Keep the Lights On
Keyhole
Kick-Ass
Killing Them Softly
The King’s Speech
Kotoko
Kreuzweg
Kuichisan
Last Circus
Let Your Light Shine
Life in a Day
Locke
Look of Silence
Lord’s Ride
Lourdes
Love Is Strange
Love Like Poison
Madonna’s W.E.
Margin Call
Marwencol
Maya Deren’s Sink
Me Too
Memory Lane
The Mend
Mes seances de lutte
Messenger
Michael
Midnight After
Miss Bala
Missing Picture
Monument Film
National Gallery
Nightfall
Not Fade Away
Old Dog
On the Edge of the World
Pain & Gain
Party Girl
Philomena
Pieta
Pina
Pirates! In Adventure with Scientists, The
Pitch Perfect
Police, Adjective
Policeman
Polytechnique
Pounding Heart
Pride
Prince Avalanche
Project Nim
Project X
Putty Hill
Qu’ils Reposent en Revolte
The Raid
Red Hook Summer
Red Riding Trilogy
Redemption
Redland
Resident Evil: Retribution
Restrepo
River Rites
River Used to Be a Man
Robinson in Ruins
Runaway
Saint Laurent
The Salesman
Samsara
Saudade
Sauerbruch Hutton Architects
Savages
Searching for Sugar Man
Seduced and Abandoned
See You Next Tuesday
The Selfish Giant
Semi-Auto Colors
Sentimental Education
Sherlock Holmes: Game of Shadows
Silence

Silent Souls
Silver Bullets
Simon Killer
A Simple Life
Skydiver
The Sleeping Beauty (Breillat)
Soft in the Head
Something, Anything
The Spectacular Now
A Spell to Ward off the Darkness
Spring
The Square
Stone
Story of Children and Film
Story of My Death
Submarino
Sweet Exorcist
Take This Waltz
Tales of the Grim Sleeper
Tape
These Hammers Don’t Hurt Us
This Is 40
This Is The End
Thou Wast Mild and Lovely
Three Musketeers
Three Sisters
Three Stooges
Tiger Tail in Blue
Tina Delivers a Goat
Tip Top
Tom at the Farm
Tonnerre
Tower
Traveling Light
The Tribe
Tron Legacy
Trypps #7

Un Lac
Undertone Overture
Undisputed III
Universal Soldier: Dor
Unstoppable
A Useful Life
V/H/S 2
Vamps
Venus in Fur
Wadjda
Walker
The Ward
Warrior
We Are the Best!
We Have a PopeWe Have an Anchor
What We Don’t Talk About When we Talk About Love
When Night Falls
White Material
White Shadow
Winnie the Pooh
Woman’s Revenge, A
Wuthering Heights
X-Men: Days of Future Past
You Are All Captains
Zero Theorem
On Spec
Clouds of Sils Maria
God Help the Girl
Portuguese Nun
Vengeance
Poll participants on Twitter: @MatheusMassias @rhumanick @juvie_cinephile @brendanowicz @kmsoehnlein @jaimegrijalba @antonioguzman @willow_catelyn @Phil_on_Film @Camera_Angel @AdamCook @EricNBarroso @Carman Tse @NHObis @zacharyzahos @radiocures_11 @vjmfilms @jhansenout1 @skeltonia @labuzamovies @RadBrian @JMOursler @GregCwik1 @LMagFilm @tnyfrontrow @TimGrierson @Aaron_Hammond88 @dallasshaldune @JBontatibus @GoldsmithLeo @dankois @NigelBahadur @DSimolke @FernandoFCroce @notjustmovies @tangoldman @Robxisabeast @whitecitycinema @projectionbooth @Fcardamenis @LucasHolloway @MikeKowzun @Honors_Zombie @ropimenta @brofromanother @DelRaz09 @Nicholas_Olson @anythingplusmor @faraox @videodromology @HANH_9000 @filipefurtado @jlichman @waterwasntbuilt @Amiresque @spinenumber408 @salesonfilm @ta2surya @JordanCronk @zeewillew @davidehrlich @TheEndofCinema @adam_the_k @Eric_Cinematic @JigsawLounge @brendanowicz @erinprovolone @filmi_story @bearclawlewis @hammertonail @E_Film_Blog @cruyffbedroom @FilmatUWG @sallitt @CriticsRoundUp @gemko @msicism @douglenox @tatuurana @railoftomorrow @larryagross @stephendcone @BryanParrill @sbprime @rgodfrey @inessentials @trionout @gorillabear55 @filmvisuality @asherford @JeffMcMahon @HellOnFriscoBay @vrizov @aliarikan @wscoffey @Leigh_Singer @fjafilms @cmasonwells @nictate @m_pattinson @cj_prin @jopleuven @jpraup @marriedtoafly @jackboymilmil @d_arkin @HFXBen @randomfurlong @armenioja @yumyumicecream @astoehr @alexenquist @doctor_morbius @frndbg @bodie32 @Superfluously @JakeDornan1 @TTafelski @DonathanJiaczun @jake_pitre @michaelagrammar @jvorndam @eyeshakingking @Astrostic @mousterpiece @rickcurnutte @mimbale @flmfrkcentral @jjperkins7661 @calvinm @1sttimewatchers @ch_williamson @slowbeard @PhilColdiron @cobblehillis @FilmEssaying @tbelrod @PaulBoyne @SeanBatton @LostInthe Movies @BarnesOnFilm @saywhatagain @QuakeCulture @sarahsalovaara @helioflores @kevinely @PatrickBrianS @kylepuetz bnowalk @digifreak642 @pigsbattleships @bybowes @MatchCuts @GemOfAmara @bucketreviews @EtanHeytan @vonlicorice @vt27 @dollarama3k @flipyourface @armoscientist @mcastimovies @lund_carson @KHAN2705 @grabbin_grain @mdbento @fishingwithnate @markpfeiffer @iatethetv @bronco7732 @salobonavia @micahgottlieb @kdringg @FilmmakerMag @Greg447 @WiltedYouth @MarkRGarrett @BillCurranBC @CorningJames @billreviews @parksidefilms @tnixonTMS @AnayDalal @Kurt__Walker @marshlands @Tghuang @toro913 @ianbarr @bwestcineaste @longpauses @colonelmortimer @BilgeEbiri @faithx5 @charmingmanatee @BWDR @tapestore @DenverCinephile @Brian_Tallerico @conanriquelme @charles_lyons @MasterPrudent @JackKyser @celluloidtweets @GoresEatsFilm @panosanton1 @_SeenThatMovie @arthurtuoto @elidaughdrill @Tativille_MJA @jmslaymaker @OfficialJoeShow @Prewarcinema @filmactually @souzav @aadowd @WineAndPop @RickAtTheMovies @danielhumphrey @Jamie_Goncalves @TyleKurner @Tommy_Prieto @CelluloidAngel @DavidrqLiu @williamstowne @discoshark @IbuHatela @SamFragoso @otiewheeler @unknowcinephile @cinebeats @grahamcarter @tobiasximenez @timhorsburgh @drew_hunt @kelldorain @newdawnfades @JoeCaou @vermanboule @crey014 @makotoyogi @UlrichDerechef @AWHofbauer @VIFFSTER @redroomrantings @calummarsh @tinahassania @harrisonjbender @jhoffman @timothyeraw @cinemablogrpher @gaafgaaf @ForThe Plasma @donhammurabi @pleung2046 Charles Mosner @J_A_F_B @erikgregersen @ShoumikHassin @alsolikelife Nelson Kim @dashielldavies @TwinCinema @daveyjenkins @86Mookie
Poll participants on Facebook: John Olivio, Paul Mollica, Eric Henderson, Zhang Ling, Devon Narine-Singh, Zain Jamshaid, Jeff Zeeman, Marc Ichabod Basque, Marcelo Janot, Jonathan Miller, Chris Luscri, Pawel Wieszczecinski, Sean D Young, Bart Verbanck, David Clapp, Zetes Johnson, Addison de Witt, Dan Kocher, Derek Vincent, Jesse Ataide, Alex Jackson, Michaela Taschek, Allifileti Tupasi Toki, Johannes Duncker, Edo Choi, Kian Bergstrom, Nelson Kim.
Kevin B. Lee is a filmmaker, critic, video essayist and founding editor of Keyframe. His video essay Transformers: The Premake will screen at the 2015 International Film Festival Rotterdam and the Berlinale International Film Festival Critics’ Week Program. He tweets at @alsolikelife.

Monday, January 5, 2015

二十六個導演


二十六個導演
此文原發表於1985 年 8 月<<號 外>>雜誌,在網上撿回,借Fb再貼一次。
我說了句「全世界的導演只有二十六個值得重視」﹐有人覺得「大惑不解」﹐所以我要再加說明;不說明的理論就像自凟﹐自己痛快﹐別人一點樂趣和好處都沒有﹐我決定小題大作一番 —— 假如我在集郵﹐那麼什麼郵票都會一攬收﹐包括錯體﹐錯體郵票反而更珍貴﹐但現在有人要我開一份名單﹐這就有了取捨﹐為什麼選布烈遜而不選雷諾亞 (Renoir)﹐選費里尼而不選維斯康堤 (Visconti)﹐選威爾斯而不選尊福 (John Ford)﹐選茂瑙(Murnau)而不選朗格 (F. Lang)﹐選小津而不選溝口健二﹐當然有各種理由﹐主要還是涉及個人品味、喜惡以至偏見。
數字本身也是故弄玄虛﹐為什麼二十六而不是二十七﹐為什麼 Cyril Connolly 講現代文學名著選一百部﹐不選二百部﹐Anthony Burgess 選現代小說只選九十九部﹐不湊足一百部。多一個少一個真那麼重要。
評價理論一直很流行﹐不然就不會有所謂十大歌星、十大球星的選舉﹔而走進百貨公司買東西﹐大多數人會挑名牌﹐因為名牌顯示一種優質保證 (所以﹐到現在我還是喜歡用大砲牌毛巾)。挑名牌的好處是節省時間﹐這相等於消費者委員會已替你做了品質檢驗報告﹐不過﹐問題也出在這裏﹐你只有相信消費者委員會的化驗所﹐相信開名單的人。
開名單可以顯出一個人的品味﹐貨物還可以價廉物美做標準 (仍然有人專揀易損的高價品以示門閥地位) ﹐品味可沒有劃一的標準﹐有人認為品味有高低之分﹐我認為品味的高低不在所喜愛事物的層次﹐而在了解的程度。論現代中國小說﹐選三毛不選老舍沒有關係﹐如果能說出三毛小說的好處在什麼地方。
所以﹐開名單的目的在以自己經驗替人節省時間﹐做個指引﹐如果用來樹立權威 (不管是別人還是自己) 便沒有意義。幸而﹐真正有心思的人決不會盲信權威﹐否則就不會有新發現和新評價、證明買新牌子的人仍然有。而我來說﹐開名單是好玩﹐所以一早聲明「戲言」—— 即使戲言﹐根據還是有的。
我們不要太迷信理論﹐因為理論會隨著時間、新事實的發現、理論建構人的想法轉變而轉變。理論決不是定理﹐藝術也決不可能有定理﹐藝術有了定理﹐也就是她壽終正寢的時侯了。維根斯坦 (Wittgenstein)說﹕藝術是一種 form of life。
以沙理斯 (Andrew Sarris) 的「作者論」來說﹐劉別謙 (Lubitsch)的地位提升了﹐馮史特羅海 (Von Stroheim)的地位就下降了﹐換言之﹐naturalistic drama 讓位給 sophisticated comedy﹐因此沙理斯的作者論札記經常重寫。(對比利懷德便走是)
我自己不知道一年後的想法會不會一樣﹐即使現在執筆之際﹐我已經遺憾沒有把《愛之島》的 Borowczyk 算進來。日後﹐我對別的導演若有更深了解﹐我會擴大名單﹐或者﹐我對「後結構主義」有進一步認識﹐對德希達 (Derrida) 和他的「解構」理論理解夠了﹐會完全拋棄評價理論也說不定﹐再或者﹐我對電影失去了興趣﹐開名單便會變成多此一舉。梵樂希 (Valery)曾經沉默﹐維根斯坦曾經沉默﹐區區小我為什麼就不能閉咀。
可見理論並非那麼僵固﹐而理論要是對貝托魯奇的《巴黎最後探戈》有好處﹐當是更有條理更有系統地對待一個問題﹐同時讓提出理論的人擺明車馬顯出一貫的立場。但理論的危機是只會從一個方向看東西﹐有點像瞎子摸象﹐強調理論的人只有兩種﹐一種是他們本身思路不清﹐希望藉著理論來使他們的思想沉澱﹕另一種是過份重視理性﹐認為理性可以解決一切問題﹐一把萬能刀。William Barrett 曾經提醒我們過份強調理性的遺害﹐他把禍源上溯希臘哲學。總之﹐我們不要變成理論的奴隸﹐到了 no matter what occurs﹐there's someone who believes it happened according to his pet theory﹐那就無可救藥了。
現在再來看看這份名單﹕安東尼奧尼 (Antonioni) (意)、褒曼 (Bergman) (瑞典)、布烈遜 (Bresson) (法)、布紐爾 (Bunuel) (西)、貝托魯奇 (Bertolucci) (意)、愛森斯坦 (Eisenstein) (蘇)、法斯賓達 (Fassbinder) (德)、費里尼 (Fellini) (意)、Ferreri (意)、高達 (Goddard) (法)、荷索 (Herzog) (德)、希治閣 (Hitchcock) (英)、楊素 (jancso) (匈)、寇比力克 (Kubrick) (美)、馬卡維耶夫 (Makavejev) (南)、茂瑙 (Murnau) (德)、大島渚 (日)、小津安二郎 (日)、柏索里尼 (Pasolini) (意)、波蘭斯基 (Polanski) (波)、雷奈 (Resnais) (法)、尼古拉斯.盧 (Nicolas Roeg) (英)、史高西斯 (Scorsese) (美)、Skolimovski (波)、塔高夫斯基 (Tarkovsky) (蘇) 及威爾斯 (Welles) (美)。
這份名單顯然偏重當代多於上一代導演 —— 其中只有七個去世﹐偏重歐陸多於美國品味 —— 三個美籍導演中﹐威爾斯和寇比力克長年流居國外﹐只有史高西斯仍在荷李活電影潮流裏拼命掙扎;偏重實驗創新多於墨守成規 —— 有的導演﹐像 Philippe Garrel﹐限於發行網﹐未能普及﹐看得不多﹐無從論列﹔有的像 Straub﹐我還未能看出他獨特之處 (似乎擺脫不了布烈遜)﹐都只好從缺。
這裏又要附帶說明﹐這份名單以劇情片做本位﹐因此像「記錄片之父」Flaherty﹐或使動畫發展成企業的和路迪斯尼﹐都被排除﹐雖然名單中的馬卡維耶夫企圖綜合劇情片與記錄片。
喜劇從來是一個特別的門類﹐喜劇的兩大天王巨星差利 (Chaplin)和基頓 (Keaton)﹐我認為他們做演員的成就比做導演的成就出色﹐活地愛倫的導演功夫比較高明﹐但也擺脫不了褒曼。褒曼、布紐爾、愛森斯坦、希治閣、小津的地位﹐在電影史上已成定論﹕比如蒙太奇與愛森斯坦﹐布紐爾與超現實主義﹐幾乎可以連上等號﹐似乎不必再加說明﹔也許有人會不滿希洽閣的商業主義﹐我只能說商業主義並非完全壞事﹐科幻片的急速發展便是用錢堆砌出來的﹐而能在商業電影裏從事那麼多技巧實驗﹐捨希老外﹐別無第二家﹐僅此一點﹐他就應該上榜有餘。
現在我們來看看其餘的二十一個 —— 記得有一年「老爺」雜誌選一百個在未來具影響力的人物﹐電影導演就只有了安東尼奧尼一個。安東尼奧尼的地位今不如昔﹐這不要緊﹐他的作品會經得起考驗。《迷情》 (L’Aventura) 在五十年代末期與法國新潮電影同時湧現﹐而《迷情》對現代人冷漠感的刻劃﹐以致電影空間的處理﹐都不比任何一部新潮作品遜色。當羅塞里尼 (Rossellini) 和第昔 (De Sica) 加急於記錄下戰後的殘破廢墟﹐貴族出身的維斯康堤也把攝影機帶到落後的漁村﹐安東尼奧尼第一部電影就從外在世界走向內心世界﹐他可以說是最先跳出意大利新寫實主義魔罩的導演 (比費里尼都早)﹐當荷索還沒有開始拍電影﹐安東尼奧尼已經注意到人物與場景關係的重要性﹐雖然他比較喜歡人工改造 (把倫敦公園的草地都噴成碧綠色)。《情隔萬重山》(L’Eclipse)最後七分鐘的空鏡和《二零零一》的結尾都是電影史上最大膽的實驗﹐而《無限春光在險峰》(Zabriskie Point)的多重爆作和《過客》(The Passenger) 裏那個從窗內走向窗外的鏡頭﹐現在還未有人敢去嘗試。為了補償中國人曾經對他謾罵﹐就應該為他騰出一席﹐我們實在欠他這份情。
早十多年﹐我會選另一位意大利導演 Bellocchio 而不選貝托魯奇。貝洛奇奧只比貝托魯奇大一歲﹐同是處女作﹐《袋中拳頭》比《冷酷的劫掠者》給我的震撼力更大﹐那種徹底的家庭解體觀﹐極端的革命性﹐使我耳目為之一新。日本電影《家族遊戲》簡直望塵莫及﹐貝洛奇奧不愧為積極的毛派份子﹐但其後他的發展越來越令人失望。
貝托魯奇的假想敵有三個﹐他的中產階級出身﹐他的有教養的父親﹐他電影美學上的導師 —— 高達。電影《同流》(The Conformist) 就是他企圖「殺死」高達的一次宣言 (電影裡用了高達的電話號碼)。他的全部作品可以說是針對這三者的紏纏。由於他是詩人﹐他懂得用激動的電影語言去表達他內心的壓抑和束縛感﹐看他的電影就是看他自我掙扎的一股蠻勁﹐因此少不了有暴力場面。而他的電影張力亦由此而生。
布烈遜的地位﹐對愛好電影的人來說﹐其實無須再界定。每次談到布烈遜﹐英語世界最常用一個形容詞是 austere﹐事實上﹐另一個形容詞 precise 也很重要。要選一個毫不煽清的導演﹐非布烈遜莫屬﹐講到觀點的準確也非布烈遜莫屬。他的鏡頭從不累贅﹐《扒手》裏開門關門上樓梯落樓梯的場面也很多﹐但每一次重複都是著意的安排。蘇珊桑達一早指出﹐許多導演都有個人風格﹐只有小津和布烈遜創造了自己獨特的形式。為了避免電影的 predictable﹐大多數導演在情節上下功夫﹐只有布烈遜從畫面和剪接著手。布烈遜的肢體解剖看來使人覺得突兀、但最有現代感性 (高達的《已婚婦人》加以倣效)﹐蒙太奇的正統繼承人不是雷奈﹐而是布烈遜﹐儘管他用的是暗喻而非明喻。年青的觀眾不喜歡布烈遜﹐可能是覺得他太冷峻﹐但 Straub 從未諱言受布烈遜的影響﹐而《美國舞男》根本是《扒手》的美國版﹐布烈遜的作品其實是每個想做導演的人的範本。
法斯賓達說過一句話﹕「Love is the most insidious﹐most effective instrument of social repression」﹐他的全部作品可以說是這句話的註解。為了愛情﹐人類可以備受侮辱、逼害、欺騙、出賣、強暴、雞姦、摧殘、殺害。法斯賓達的男男女女為愛情奉獻了一切﹐到頭來一點好處和報酬都沒有。愛情在安東尼奧尼的電影裏得到寬容﹐在布烈遜的電影裏得到補償﹐在法斯賓達的電影裏只有白白犧性。法斯賓達注定要早夭﹐因為他對愛情看得太徹底﹐以致悲觀情緒濃得化都化不開。他再拍下去只有自殺一途。
許多人都知道法斯賓達的言情劇師承道格拉靳.薛克 (Douglas Sirk)﹐但不明白為什麼他要強調薜克巴羅克的一面﹐而認為內容與形式未能結合﹐我的意見剛好相反﹐惟其巴羅克﹐他的偏激世界觀才得以體現。法斯賓達後期的作品放棄早期粗糙的黑白﹐而講究裝飾性的 color scheme﹐而終於佈置了一個五彩繽紛的煉獄。
費里尼越來越自大狂﹐他的電影幾乎部部扣上自己的姓名標簽﹐影評人乘機攻擊﹐說他拍來拍去都是那一套 —— freakish play。要求費里尼走出他的馬戲團﹐勢所不能﹐因為費里尼的電影在意大利一公映﹐便是一次 event。我就像大多數觀眾一樣﹐仍對他那些濃裝艷抹、吃相驚人的大肥婆深感興趣﹐眼睛如吃冰琪琳。影評人分析得好﹐觀眾不是 voyeurist 便是 fetishist。只要費里尼的想像力沒有枯竭﹐他龐大的身軀繼續在鋼線上緩步走﹐沒有跌過半死﹐我們就應該熱心地捧場﹐因為現存的好導演實在不多。何況他仍是當今首屈一指的表現主義泰斗。
不由你不信﹐他的私塾弟子一大堆﹐英國的堅羅素 (ken Russell)﹐美國的卜費斯 (Bob Fosse)﹐日本的寺山修司是較有名的幾個。
Ferreri 的姓名不易譯﹐譯得不好便變成了意大利名牌汽車。看過 Ferreri 電影的香港觀眾不多﹐尤其是他西班牙時期的作品。其中有部《輪椅車》﹐講一個無所事事老年人﹐由於家人都無暇陪他﹐他希望買輛輪椅車﹐好到廣場跟傷健的人比賽﹐全家上上下下都罵他老胡塗﹐他一氣之下用鼠藥把他們通通毒死。
Ferreri 又有一部戲叫《狄林傑喪命》﹐講一個工藝設計師﹐下班回家﹐發覺太太仍在午睡﹐只有自己下廚做飯﹐找調味品時發現一個舊紙包﹐裏面包了手槍零件﹐他把它重新安裝起來﹐漆成紅底白點﹐看來像玩具﹐然後走進睡房﹐用兩個枕頭蓋住太太的頭把她槍殺﹐自己逃到一條去大溪地的船當廚師。兩部電影的黑色幽默味道很濃﹐他可以說是繼承布紐爾事業的最佳侯選人。不久前﹐我在「第一影室」看他的新作《瘋狂的故事》﹐把一個詩人和一個神秘女妓的關係﹐發展得淋漓盡致﹐使我再一次肯定他的地位。
(補記) 這篇文字只寫了一半,下半篇因為電視台工作忙,沒有完成,但没有關係,如果我今天仍妄自專大和再有興趣開名單,肯定不一樣,其中有的名字要剔除,有的後起之秀要補上(波蘭的Kieslowski、土耳其的Ceylan),數目也不止26個。又有人問,為什麽沒有一個中國導演上榜,很簡單,這是一張為外國導演開的名單。總之,不要太認真,鬧着玩的。
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